Pre and Post Reconstruction Period †Politics, Economic...

History 2301-SA01 – United States History to 1877 Instructor: 18 July 2011 Pre and Post Reconstruction Period – Politics, Economic and Social Effects This research paper is intended to explain in general terms some of the political, economics and social effects America dealt with during the Pre and Post Reconstruction Period. During the last years of the Civil War, as Union forces moved closer to victory and millions of former slaves became free, Americans began to think about how to reconcile the splintered parts of the nation and were immediately faced with a series of complex questions that required some resolutions. Some issues raised were: a) How would the former states of the Confederacy be integrated back†¦show more content†¦These measures represented a substantial departure from the system of the old South; yet few reforming politicians were not able to go as far and to have as much effect as they intended. In addition, white Southern Republicans, who outnumbered their black colleagues, gave only â€Å"window dressing† like support to black civil rights, preferring to court Southern Democrats through moderation on racial issues (Forner 364-411). Although, the Radical Reconstruction efforts were intended to redirect the southern economy, to provide for social mobility and to halt the return to the old plantation system. Ultimately, however, these policies intensified the Souths dependence on cotton as a cash crop and solidified the class divisions in southern society. Condemning Andrew Johnson and early presidential Reconstruction, Radical Republicans hoped to reshape the South into a land of industry and diversified agriculture. To these ends, Republicans poured massive amounts of money into the South to build railways, create infrastructure and develop improved cultivation methods. Ironically, these improvements bolstered the strength of the plantation system and swelled the ranks of the economically exploited lower classes. Railways allowed for the extension of cotton plantations into the upcountry and further west, onto lands occupied by subsistence farmers. Furthermore, new technology and the increasing efficiencyShow MoreRelatedWhat Does The Presence Of Different Sectarian Groups ( Christian, Sunni, Shiite?2331 Words   |  10 Pages How does the pre sence of three different sectarian groups (Christian, Sunni, Shiite) affect the political, economic, and social stability of a nation is an interdisciplinary research question because it seeks to understand the relationship between the economics and its key insights while examining the political environment can led to conflict and how that conflict was exacerbated by the involvement of many different cultural sects. 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Indentured servants helped ease this problem;Read MoreThe Economic, Social, and Political Impact of the First World War on Europe1843 Words   |  8 PagesThe Economic, Social, and Political Impact of the First World War on Europe At the end of the First World War in 1918, the economic, social and political state of Europe was such that the potential rebuilding of the continent seemed a distant and unrealistic vision. The war had affected much of Western Europe, in particular France and Germany, not to mention Belgium, Italy and Austria. In addition vast regions of Eastern Europe also suffered dearly as Russia’s bloody Read MoreGerman Unification Essay2783 Words   |  12 Pagesnew markets to an economy with none. The formerly communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (west Germany) It was part of the dramatic demise of communism in Europe as well as a significant event for economic and political reasons. 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Finally, I have concluded that of the sixteen events, the Civil War had the most significant impact on the history of the time period in which it occurred and remains the most significant event

Analyze The Production Capacity And Strategies of Panda & Mickey Compa

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Production Capacity And Strategies of Panda Mickey Company. Answer: Introduction. The purpose of this report is to critically analyze the production capacity and strategies used by Panda Mickey Company. This company basically deals with manufacturing specialized toys and other children products. Recently, the company produced a new product for children so as to enlarge the market and generate more profits. The process involved high production cost and the company results to gather advice from middle level manager. The manager will help the company to implement a new corporate cost-cutting strategy. This kind of a technology will replace some personnel in specific areas of work. Therefore, the initiative faces a lot of resistance from these group which actually results to sever hostility. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing the scenario facing Panda Mickey Company. Organization problem. The organizational problem facing Panda mickey is themanagement of workers based on the decisions made by the company. It is a requirement in the regulations governing the employees to hold ethical standards at workplace (Chopra, 2012). Therefore, employees of any particular company need to respect the decisions made by the management of the company regarding particular issues. However, in Panda Mickey Company, the employees failed to act ethically. Three causes of organization problem in the company. Just like many other companies, Panda Mickey Company face a lot of organization problems in the process of achieving the overall objectives of the company. These problems are closely associated to mechanisms applied by the company when planning, leading, organizing and controlling various aspects in the company (Arnold, 2010). To start with, the first problem arises from the production of a new product for children. This make the company to apply the new technology in some areas of work. This is basically going to replace the workers who initially worked in these department. Here, the problem is planning. The company failed to plan on the implications that are going to face these workers after replacement. Secondly, the other organization problem that arise leading (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). Themanagement of Panda Mickey is a bid weak in management. They dont have proper skill to make viable decisions and judgment on behalf of the company. Ideally, a well-organized and skilled make d ecisions and apply strategies that must be followed by the workers of that company however difficult they seem to be. However, in this company, difficulties arise when initiating new strategies. There is a perfect positive correlation between the resistance and how the management of the company operates. Lastly, the other organization problem facing the company is control. The resistance and hostility demonstrated by the workers of Panda Mickey Company is a clear indicator that the management lack skills to control the workers when crisis arise in workplace. It is purely a mandate of any management team to ensure the control of the workers is highly contained using all means possible. Otherwise the company will face problems that will result to negative impact in the company organization structure as well as financial crisis (Marylene, 2014). This is because, failure to control the workers completely make the operation of activities in the company difficult. The progress stops instantly when chaos and entropy lead the operation of the company. Therefore, for now Panda Mickey company need to put planning, leading, organizing and controlling as their first priorities so as to fully contain the current organizational problems that have affected the operations of the company. Critical underlying cause. In this particular scenario, the critical underlying cause of the above organizational problems is the relationship between technology and its effects to the workers. One fact is that technology is part of daily operations that need to be applied by any company. There are a lot of advantages that are associated to the proper use of technology available. However, in this scenario, the company aim at applying this technology as a cost-cutting strategy (Maslow, 2013). On the hand, the technology will replace the workers in some departments in the company. For the company, this is a good strategy because it is a cost-cutting strategy. On the side of the workers, it is a bad technology because they will be replaced hence losing their jobs. In summary, the critical underlying cause is based on workers who need to protect their jobs. Analysis of most likely cause. It is important for the management to realize that this is a very serious problem that is going to affect many developments of Panda Mickey Company. This problem need to be solved so as to avoid the company from making losses (McGregor, 2012). If the company fail to operate due to these crisis, a gap may exist in the market and this will favor the competition by having the competitive advantage. Hence, this problem, need to be solved to save the reputations of the company and the workers. Possible solutions. When crisis arise in any organization, the best thing to do is to look for long lasting solutions. Therefore, this part aim at putting forward three possible solutions facing Panda Mickey Company. First, the company need to have proper planning when initiating strategies. In this scenario, it is very clear that the management of this company did not have proper planning due to the demonstrations that resulted from the initiation of the corporate strategy (Richard, 2013). The company needed to notify the workers on the impact of the technology in the daily operations of the company. This would have made the workers to fully understand the importance of the underlying technology. The possible solution here is to retain the workers by shifting them to other areas of work. The next solution is based on control. The management need to control the anger of the workers. The resistance and hostility demonstrate the fact that the workers are not satisfied with the strategy under consideration. Therefore, the company need to check the profit statement of the company and offer a compensation plan to all the workers the technology aims to replace (Baily, Farmer Crocker, 2015). This will be a good deal to these workers rather than sending them home empty handed. This solution is likely to help the company to initiate this strategy and ensure a win-win situation. Lastly, the possible solution would involve organizing and leading, this implies that, the company may reveal the strategy on the application of the technology. Panda Mickey Company has a lot branches in the city. These branches may also need this technology. Therefore, instead of replacing the workers, the company may train the workers on how to apply this technology in achieving the best returns to the company (Ballantyne, 2007). All the online stores need to be fully empowered by giving the workers affected by the technology. The company will be able to solve the underlying problem without affecting the reputations of the company and the workers. Environmental factors and the solutions. There are two environmental factors that impact the underlying cause. First, the pollution that can result from the production process. Many companies in the manufacturing sector use technology that may affect the environment during manufacturing. If this technology is not friendly to the environment, then there is any reason that workers should resist the initiation. Secondly, many companies use fuel from the surrounding environment. The technology may result to environmental degradation as they try to stress the available resources in the environment so as to meet the requirements of the technology. The solutions to these factors are very important. The company need to satisfy the environmental reservation agency that their technology is environmental friendly (Ryan Deci, 2017). If this is not so, then the company need to provide mechanisms to dispose any wastes to the environment in a way that will not have negative impacts to the environment. Most appropriate solution. The most appropriate solution that the company need to adopt is a win-win situation. The workers need to be satisfied about their reputations as well as the company (Bragg, 2015). For the workers, the company can shift them to other departments in various cities in Australia where the company operate. Again, the company need to offer a compensation plan to those workers to be replaced by the technological strategy. Recommendations. The management of Panda Mickey failed to plan on the reputation of the workers to be replaced by application of technology due to its management negligence and risks of uncertainty. Thus, to have a clear vision and direction for Panda Mickey two recommendations will be made. The company need to reconsider their initiation procedure before applying the underlying strategy. The workers need to be consulted on their view about the technology. If the company reach into an agreement, them all the application to this decision must apply to both the company and the workers (Thomas, 2009). Otherwise, we recommend a win-win situation between the company and the workers to avoid poor performance of the company. The company need to benchmark the scenario from other companies who faced similar problem in the past. This will help the company to critically analyze their current situation. Panda Mickey Company may enact the solutions applied by those companies or generate better solutions concerning this problem. References. Arnold, J. (2010). Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Baily, P., Farmer, D., Crocker, B. (2015). Procurement, Principle Management. Pearson publishers. Ballantyne, T. (2007). Capacity. Spectra. Bragg, S.M. (2015). Accounting for Inventory. Accounting Tools. Chopra, S. (2012). Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D. (2012). The Human Side of Enterprise. New Yolk, 21. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford presses. Thomas, K.W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers.

What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples Reviews & Tips

What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples Reviews & Tips When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss. After this is completed, it's ideal to start off with a draft. Just like any excellent bit of writing, you may have to compose a few drafts. The very first step to any essay writing is to choose a subject of interest. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that gives a general review of the paper. For instance, if you're writing an essay on How Global Warming can be lowered, it'll be a great idea you take a minute to define what global warming is about in your introductory paragraph. You don't need to possess the ideal writing skills so as to be creative and compose an effective essay. The Bizarre Secret of What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples Let's say that you're writing an essay on The key causes of Road Accidents in your City, it's obvious you're going to produce two or three points. It's essential not to fall in the trap of reporting up until the last minute, and that means you don't have the time to write,'' Knopf states. It's quite challenging for the students to do research on the exact same topic for 3-4 deca des and compose a thesis paper whilst finishing their doctorate level. Just take the aid of professional experts The students may seek the advice of professional experts should they discover that it's troublesome to earn a dissertation by themselves. It is also crucial for students as soon as it comes to English Language examinations. Students who don't have any clue about it should go through thesis samples which are available online. It basically lets your reader to understand what your composition will be about. It follows that you're able to be provided a random topic or subject to compose a composition about. In English Language, compositions or essays actually are one of the main facets of the subject. Writing good compositions is crucial in the English Language in the feeling that it permits the student to have the ability to express what is in their mind regarding a specific matter. Up in Arms About What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples? The man is likely to forget some points. When an interview is unavailable in your region, you won't be penalized for your inability to interview. The interview offers you a chance to highlight particular facets of your background and achievements and to find out more about Georgetown University from the viewpoint of an area alumnus. The interview does not have to be completed ahead of the application deadline, but nevertheless, it ought to be carried out whenever possible after the assignment was received. What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples - the Conspiracy These kinds of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. There are a big number of skilled thesis writing help services available on the internet and they've highly-qualified academic writers and can offer plagiarism free content. The chronological resume format is most popular by college students. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely be based on the instructions offered to you. The Hidden Treasure of What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples In case the school is your very first choice say so. The committee is likely to present their approval on Tuesday. I would likewise benefit from the medical school's summer research program to take part in research projects linked to geriatrics or emergency medication. If you opt to speak about a summer program, be very car eful which one that you pick and the way you frame it. Once an account executive will get client approval for the notion, the author can begin. More than 1 student can get the job done for the very same client on related difficulties. Think about including a little present. Evaluate the present healthcare system and identify strategies to enhance the organization, financing and delivery of safe and beneficial healthcare. To prevent delays you should follow precisely the instructions furnished by the application services. Please be aware that the hospital bill and the bill from your physician will be separate. Georgetown would like to understand who you are. It's highly possible that there will be a number of different applicants who have had similar experiences, which will ensure it is much more hard for you to convince the adcom that your activity is distinctive and indicative of your unique interests. Has up-to-date abilities and the capability to learn new abilities and procedures effortlessly. Being part of a fantastic educational institution can be rather costly. Identify an organization with which you would love to participate. The Ideal Strategy to What Georgetown University Wants in the Essay Medical Samples You should keep in mind that the body is the point where the bulk of your marks lie. It is believed to be the absolute most significant part your application, since the scholar ship committee will use this to assess who you are as an individual, in addition to your outlook in life. While you'll have the chance to go over the complete variety of your activities in your application, this is an opportunity to highlight one that is very meaningful to you. In the majority of cases students will get the job done individually.

Writing A Research Paper

Writing A Research PaperManuscript Structure - Part I: Structure in the Methodology Sample for Research Paper (Figures & Tables)One of the most important things you must take note of when writing a research paper is the structure of the research paper. Even if you are writing an essay, the structure must be clear. For instance, if you are writing a research paper that will serve as a thesis statement for a class, the main body of the paper will be the 'Thesis Statement'Thesis Statement for Class'. So, you must make it clear how you are going to utilize figures and tables in the thesis statement. After all, it is the basis of the research.In the following sections, we are going to go over what are some ways to structure a study, research methods paper, along with showing examples of various types of methods that can be used. Let's start by looking at Figure and Table Structure. Here are some steps to follow when using figures and tables in the methodology sample for research paper.Sta rt by defining the purposes of the study. Look at what type of information you are trying to get from the study. Be specific about what you want. This will be key as you write the introduction and conclusion of the study.For example, when writing a study on the consumer opinions on cell phones, then you would tell how you are studying cell phone manufacturers in the sample, the main types of cell phones, consumer opinions on cell phones, and who is the target audience. You also need to look at how many cell phones are in the sample and the geographic location of consumers, so that you know how much time you need to cover and how to organize your table of contents. Look for appropriate techniques that make this easy.Also, when writing a study on the impact of the internet on book sales, the sample is very different. For example, when you are writing a study on how the internet affects of internet sales, you need to look at everything from the web site's visitors to the advertising sp ending. The combination of internet use and advertisers spending are important in determining whether or not an internet presence will change behavior in a company.For example, if you are looking for evidence about the impact of cell phones on learning, you need to include study participants who are learning on their cell phones and those who are learning on normal phones. When looking at these factors, you may have to look at the cost of the study participants and even if you have not paid the cell phone users to participate, you still need to pay the researchers to conduct the study, which makes the sample difficult to manage.Most importantly, when writing a methodology sample for research paper, you need to ensure that the study is all the way through with all the full details. Any necessary paper edits must be made before the report is submitted. Look at other samples that have a higher standard than you are writing your own paper. These guides can help you get started with your research, and if the sample for research paper is good, you will find that it is easier to write a full research paper than any other paper.

The Little-Known Secrets to Writing Process Reflection Essay

The Little-Known Secrets to Writing Process Reflection Essay Writing imaginative reflective essays is a wonderful means to enhance your analytical thinking abilities. It is a rather solitary act that needs to be supplemented with social activityand I do not mean typing a response on a social media platform. In a personal reflective essay, a writer is predicted to provide a narration for their experiences and the way it impacts their lives. Our writers possess deep knowledge in virtually every academic discipline, and great writing abilities. You may also have learned to write for a broader selection of genres. It is better to go through various sample essays as it improves your capacity to manage unique topics without an issue. Except for the principal components of your reflective essay, there are several other essentials to think about. Vital Pieces of Writing Process Reflection Essay A reflective essay could be academic in the aspect a student could possibly be reques ted to compose a lesson learnt in class and reflect its application in actual life. You may explain how groups can get the most out of different team members' strengths to produce the last contribution like it can be. It's possible that a student changes the structure and organization because it's a personalized bit of writing. Just discover a great aid for students in need. An excellent paragraph should constitute a few sentences. You don't ever want to eliminate the major point of your essay or any body of work for this issue. To conclude, you should write an overview of the key points within the body. The body is the principal portion of your essay, and it's in the body where you're anticipated to bring out your ideas. Young folks must understand how to compose a reflection paper to create their pals and the remainder of community share their emotions. A quick reflection on a bigger piece of writing may be required whenever your work is reviewed by means of a group. H aving the capacity to stop and acknowledge you're potentially having growing pains as a writer can spare you a good deal of headaches. The latter audience has a complete array of knowledge, therefore, they may be addressed based on the subject being tackled without worrying much about their degree of understanding. There's a high degree of respect I gained for the procedure for writing with a number of types of media, and I realize it is something I would have to work at for months if I ever need to create a really excellent and compelling story. Because of the modern technology, there are various resources on the internet where you're able to get access to reflective essay examples. So, in regards to your writing procedure and the procedure for evolving as a writer, take note that you're always changing. Therefore, the procedure for writing will grow to be much simpler. Life After Writing Process Reflection Essay You may also have an incident or incidents that caused your views. A reflective paper is about relating a present situation with some previous events. The major body of your paper ought to showcase the maturation of your research along with the style in which your suggestions and emotions are impacted by the study you've carried out. What Writing Process Reflection Essay Is - and What it Is Not If you miss the conference, you can't pass the class, so remember to triple-check the time you've signed up for and put reminder notes all over the area. You must tell what happened, and what exactly you felt before and after the function. To reflect is to clearly consider something, whether it's an experience or a function. A suitable start sufficiently increases your odds of success. The War Against Writing Process Reflection Essay If you draw proper conclusions, you will demonstrate the high degree of understanding what you've depicted in your story. Ideally, your conclusion will leave a long-lasting effect on your audience. It can also be general or specific. More to the point, however, you would like to make sure a conclusion that returns to the most important point. Reflection essays enable writers to grow. A reflective essay is a rather special sort of an academic work. A decent reflective essay may be fantastic reflective essay with the appropriate planning. Generally speaking, writing a reflective essay doesn't differ from any other sort of paper. Where to Find Writing Process Reflection Essay To analyze a reflective writing, you will need to make sure it has the important components which should be found in any reflection paper or piece. The typical form employed for presentation of a reflective paper is generally the diary format. When you're writing a paper like this, it's important to not forget that the reflective essay outline I shared above is fluid. It means you're going to be able to take part in writing your upcoming reflection paper with the addition of your own ideas, files, suggestions , and sources. An introduction ought to be a concise description or background story about the subject under discussion. Sometimes, you might be missing some excellent suggestions for your reflective essay topics. When you make an outline, you are going to have clearer view of the more evolution of your literature work. The next portion of your outline is perhaps the most crucial.

Essay Samples on Gun Control - How to Write a Well Written Essay on Gun Control

Essay Samples on Gun Control - How to Write a Well Written Essay on Gun ControlWhat can you find on the internet for a well written essay samples on gun control? The answer is anything you want, it is up to you. We will start with essays which will provide the basis for your own essay sample on gun control.While shooting does pose dangers are real, I doubt many readers would argue that the right to bear arms is essential. It is an individual's right. As a whole, however, there are problems with having to have a permit to carry firearms in public. To address this, we have different courses to take and we must do so fairly in order to protect our right to keep and bear arms.The first thing to recognize, the free market, or marketplace, is one which has one goal only and that is to provide services to those that wish to provide them. Our rights as people should be one of our top priorities, if not the highest priority. In a free marketplace it is our right to buy and sell all things we need.The more of a free market we can create, the better for everyone. People need to stop worrying about gun control and realize that the right to keep and bear arms is a protected right, even when guns are legal.There are some essay samples on gun control that reflect this view. Some states have Constitutional Carry, another states require training and documentation, yet others may even allow for home-made guns and ammunition. These essays are written by educators or professors that believe that gun ownership is a fundamental right. The rights of each state to make their own laws is left up to them, as long as they are not arbitrary.Some essay samples on gun control are geared toward teenagers and use issues related to the act of shooting and even suicides as an example. Many of these topics were covered in the previous paragraphs.Regardless of the topic of the essay samples on gun control, as with all essays, your responsibility is to keep it simple and to write from the point of view of a layman. If you can't even understand what's going on, it's not likely anyone else will either. Keep it simple. Your essay is what will define you as an individual.

The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay Essay Example

The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay Paper Medieval lays are essentially tales of romance, often of Celtic origin. Similar patterns of events, or certain features are common in many lays, for example the theme of deeply felt love or a complex love situation where two lovers are separated, go through a period of grief and are eventually reunited. This pattern of events can been compared to rites of passage, as will be discussed later. The mixture between reality and the otherworld is a key aspect of the medieval lays. The supernatural is not over-emphasised, instead it works alongside the reality of the lay, making it much more believable to the audience. Fairies and the supernatural play a particularly important role in Sir Orfeo, based on the classical Orpheus myth. Sir Orfeo enters the fairy-kingdom to rescue his wife Heurodis who has been snatched by the fairy king. Sir Orfeo is able to charm the fairy king with his harp-playing ability, and the fairy king agrees to let Heurodis go. Other lays containing elements of the supernatural include Lanval taken from the Lais of Marie De France, and the Franklins Tale from Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Lanval is lead into the otherworld by two beautiful maids to see their fairy-mistress. She gives him everything he desires, but makes him promise that he will never speak a word of their love to anyone, otherwise he will never see her again. On returning to his own world, Queen Guinevere makes a pass at him but he refuses, insults her in his anger, and talks of his love for the fairy-mistress. Despite this, she forgives him and rescues him from his trial before King Arthur and they return to Avalon. In the Franklins Tale, Dorigen marries Arveragus (a Knight), but then he has to leave to go to England. Dorigen is heart-broken and inconsolable. She attends a May dance, where Aurelius falls in love with her. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She makes a rash promise that, should he be able to remove all the rocks from the coast (so that her husband can return safely), she would love him. The supernatural in this lay is when Aurelius meets an Astrologer, whom he pays to make an illusion that the rocks have disappeared. Aurelius goes back to Dorigen to claim his reward. However, her husband returns and Aurelius takes pity on Dorigen, releasing her from the oath she swore. Motifs and Celtic tradition relating to fairies and the supernatural Many of the medieval lays contain motifs relating to the supernatural. It is common, for example, for mortals to be snatched away by the fairies when lying in a meadow or under a tree particularly the ympe-tree described in Sir Orfeo. In Celtic tradition is it believed that those who lie or fall asleep under a tree or in a meadow place themselves in the power of the fairies. In Sir Orfeo, Heurodis first encounter with the fairy king occurs whilst she is asleep under an ympe-tree. The use of the orchard/meadow in the lays creates the impression of a walled-garden used so often in medieval romance, which should signify safety and serenity. The fairies, however, often appear in this environment sometimes through dreams (as is the case in Sir Orfeo where Heurodis is first visited by the fairy king in her dreams). This motif is also used in Lanval, where the fairy mistresss two maids approach him while he is laying by a stream in a meadow. Unlike Heurodis encounter, Lanval is approached whilst he is awake, which to some extent makes is less fantastical and more realistic to the audience. The maids appear to be much more like mortals. Other motifs relate to the idea of rite of passage, as discussed earlier. The transition stage is the most important in the lays, as it is the point in which the supernatural usually plays the most important role. It is apparent that the transition stage is often a period of immense grief and sorrow, and involves some kind of complication for the lovers involved. In Sir Orfeo, he comes across the fairy king on a hunt after being separated from Heurodis, and his quest to reclaim her from the fairy kingdom begins. Also, Lanval meets the fairy mistress when he has been separated from King Arthurs court. The three stages in the Franklins Tale are not as obvious because there are two possible elements of separation one of Dorigen from her husband, and one of Aurelius from Dorigen. The encounters with Aurelius and the supernatural could, however, be interpreted as an obstacle to Dorigens marriage an obstacle that they are able to overcome. The fact that the supernatural encounters generally occur during the most important stage shows a heavy reliance on the supernatural for the progression of events in the lays. This is characteristic of medieval lays and, to some extent, the way in which it is used distinguishes the lays from other medieval romance. Sir Orfeo is based entirely around Heurodis being snatched away by the fairy king. Similarly, Aurelius being able to fulfil his promise to Dorigen in the Franklins Tale is totally reliant upon supernatural intervention in the form of the astrologer. Portrayal of fairies, the otherworld and the supernatural in medieval lays It is common in Celtic tradition for mortals to be snatched away by fairies and taken into their kingdom. The image that Sir Orfeo sees when he enters the fairy kingdom is that of all those who have been snatched away, frozen in their last state as they were on Earth. Heurodis is shown to him asleep under a similar tree in the fairy kingdom to that she was snatched from in the mortal world. This not only stresses the significance of the orchard motif, but it also suggests that these surroundings provide some kind of gateway between the two worlds. It is no coincidence that the writer describes Heurodis sitting under similar trees in both worlds. If this environment does act as a gateway, it may be seen as a ray of hope for Sir Orfeo as there is a possibility of transporting Heurodis back. The similarity between the mortal world and the fairy world in Sir Orfeo is a striking feature of the lay. When Heurodis is snatched away an taken into the fairy kingdom, she is shown castels and tours, rivers, forestes, frith with flours (Johnson 1987:6) This same line is repeated to describe what Sir Orfeo has left behind in his kingdom when he goes to live alone in the woods. Again, it is not a coincidence that exactly the same line is repeated for both worlds. This makes the two worlds much more alike, reducing the strangeness of the fairy world. Here the poet is trying to create a world that is familiar to the audience. It is easier to accept the supernatural, as it is closer to reality. Similarly, in Lanval there is a strong sense of reality despite his love being immortal. Here, the supernatural elements of his fairy-mistress and being taken into the otherworld are balanced with the very real issue of Lanval facing a legal system and ultimately death because of his encounter. The supernatural is not for fun, it creates some element of danger for the mortals involved. Lanval and the Franklins tale are not supernatural in the same way as Sir Orfeo. The supernatural elements in the two are played-down, and much more believable to the medieval audience. In Lanval the fairy-mistress appears mortal until the very end of the lay where we are told she returns to Avalon the fairy kingdom. In the Franklins Tale, the supernatural is in the form of an astrologer/sorcerer. The fact that he is more closely related to natural magic is more believable, and shows that the supernatural plays a structural role rather than just making the lays more interesting. Other similarities can be seen in Sir Orfeo, where the hunt with the fairy king and his thousand Knights is reflected in the mortal world by Sir Orfeo and his ten hundred Knightes (Johnson 1987:7) when they try to protect Heurodis from being snatched away. The fact that one world seems to be a reflection of the other means that the presence of the supernatural within the lays does not detract from the main theme usually love. The similarities between the two worlds emphasise the theme of what a good ruler should be. The fairy king displays chivalrous behaviour similar to that of Sir Orfeo by keeping his word and letting Heurodis go back to the mortal world, despite the fact that he is under no obligation to do so. If the fairy king did not conform to these rules, Sir Orfeos method of rescuing Heurodis would not have been successful. The immortal also appear more humanly as they can, to some extent, be controlled or subtly manipulated by mortals. Sir Orfeo, for example, is able to charm the fairy king with his harp-playing ability into making him promise to let Heurodis go. This is also true in Lanval, where despite her promise that Lanval would never see her again if he spoke of their love, the fairy mistress remained loyal to him by rescuing him from King Arthurs court. Conclusion It is apparent from the three lays discussed that the structure of the lays relies heavily upon the supernatural, it is essential to the development of events rather than being added for decoration. In each of the lays it is presented in a way that makes it reflect the mortal world in values as well as appearance, particularly in Sir Orfeo. It also acts to highlight the rites of passage motif, as the supernatural encounters occur in the transitional stage. Finally, it acts to emphasise the values and lessons to be learned from the lays, such as the values needed to be a good leader as with the fairy king and Sir Orfeo; also the importance of being true and forgiving like Aurelius in the Franklins Tale and the fairy mistress in Lanval. Overall, the supernatural plays an essential structural role, but does not undermine the main themes of the lays instead it makes them clearer and for the audience to see.